Telehandler Controls Explained: What Every CPCS Operator Needs to Know

Telehandlers are among the most versatile machines on any construction site, but they are also one of the most variable when it comes to control layout. Unlike excavators or wheel loaders, where the controls tend to be largely standardised across manufacturers, telehandler controls can differ significantly from one machine to the next. If you are preparing for your CPCS telehandler test or renewing your card, understanding these controls thoroughly is not optional — it is essential.

This guide breaks down the core controls, steering modes, and safety features you need to know, whether you are stepping into a telehandler for the first time or refreshing your knowledge ahead of a CPCS renewal test.

Know Your Machine Before You Start

Before you even climb into the cab, take a moment to understand what your machine is capable of. Telehandler model numbers often tell you the two most important figures: maximum lifting capacity and maximum reach.

A telehandler is a material handler — there are a lot of issues with centre of gravity. You can get into a lot of trouble if you don’t know the different weight components on one of these machines.

Every telehandler should have a load chart mounted in the cab, usually on or near the dashboard. This chart tells you the maximum weight you can safely handle at various boom angles and extension distances. It will vary depending on the attachment fitted — forks, a bucket, a man basket — so always confirm the chart matches your current configuration.

Key gauges and indicators to check before you begin work include:

• Boom angle indicator — mounted on the side of the boom arm, this tells you the angle of the arm at all times
• Level indicator — usually located above the operator’s head in the cab, confirming whether the machine is sitting level
• Extension markers — lettered markers (A, B, C, and so on) on the boom that correspond to positions on the load chart
• Error codes and warning lights — displayed on the dashboard when the machine is started up

The Joystick: Boom, Extension, and Fork Controls

The single joystick is the heart of telehandler operation, and the good news is that the basic boom and extension controls are reasonably consistent across manufacturers.

Boom up and down:

• Pull the joystick back to raise the boom
• Push the joystick forward to lower the boom

Telescopic extension:

• Push the joystick away from you to extend the arm outward
• Pull the joystick towards you to retract the arm

The speed of all these movements depends on two factors: how far you move the joystick and how much engine throttle you apply. Gentle movements with low revs give you the fine control you need when placing loads precisely.

Fork tilt is typically controlled by a thumb roller on the joystick:

• Push up to tilt the forks downward
• Pull back to curl the forks upward

An important point to remember is that the forks will hold whatever angle you set. This means if you curl the forks fully back and then raise the boom, the forks maintain that angle throughout the movement. Getting the forks level at eye height before travelling is a fundamental safe practice — and a point that comes up regularly in CPCS renewal tests.

Steering Modes Explained

One of the features that makes telehandlers so manoeuvrable on site is their multiple steering modes. Most machines offer three options:

• Two-wheel steering (front only) — the standard mode for general driving and higher speeds. Only the front wheels turn, just like a car. Always use this mode when travelling at speed, as four-wheel steering at higher speeds can make the machine unpredictable.
• Four-wheel steering — both front and rear wheels turn in opposite directions, giving you a much tighter turning circle. This is invaluable in confined areas of the site but should only be used at low speeds.
• Crab steering — all four wheels turn in the same direction, allowing the machine to move diagonally. This is useful for positioning the machine precisely alongside a load or structure.

There are two critical rules for changing steering modes. First, always switch modes when the machine is stationary and in neutral. Second, always verify that your rear wheels are straight before and after switching. Most machines do not have an indicator to confirm rear wheel alignment, so use your mirrors or get out and check visually if needed.

Safety Features and Controls

Under the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER), employers must ensure that plant operators are properly trained and that machines are fitted with appropriate safety features. On a telehandler, the key safety controls include:

• Seatbelt — this is non-negotiable. Telehandler cabs are fitted with a Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS), but it only protects you if you remain inside it. A seatbelt keeps you in the cab during a tip-over. Never let anyone tell you otherwise.
• Parking brake — typically a switch on the left side of the cab, though some machines have a manual lever. Always engage the parking brake before leaving the cab or when stationary with a load.
• Frame levelling — many telehandlers can adjust the chassis angle by up to ten degrees left or right to compensate for uneven ground. The level indicator in the cab tells you when the machine is sitting true. You must be level before lifting any load.
• Outriggers — on larger machines, outriggers provide additional stability when lifting at extended reach. These are usually operated via a trigger under the joystick, allowing you to deploy them individually or together. Always deploy outriggers on firm, level ground and use spreader plates where necessary.

Driving and Transporting Loads

When driving a telehandler with a load, keep the boom low — just high enough to see underneath it — and retracted as far as possible. This keeps the centre of gravity low and the machine stable.

Use both feet when operating: your right foot on the throttle and your left on the brake. Unlike a wheel loader where you might operate with a single foot, telehandlers require throttle input for hydraulic functions while simultaneously controlling speed with the brake.

Before travelling, always ensure:

• The load is secure and stable on the forks
• The forks are tilted slightly back to prevent the load sliding forward
• You are in two-wheel steering mode for anything other than low-speed manoeuvring
• The boom angle indicator reads zero or close to it

When you have finished work, lower the forks flat to the ground so they do not present a tripping hazard, engage the parking brake, and shut down the engine. Exit using three points of contact at all times.

Why This Matters for Your CPCS Card

Whether you hold a Red Trained Operator card or a Blue Competent Operator card, your CPCS renewal test will expect you to demonstrate thorough knowledge of telehandler controls, load chart interpretation, centre of gravity principles, and safe operating procedures. Understanding the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) is equally important, particularly if your work involves lifting and placing loads at height.

The theory test will cover many of the points discussed here, from steering mode selection to outrigger deployment and pre-use checks. Practical understanding — not just memorisation — is what separates operators who pass comfortably from those who struggle.

How CPCS CPD Mastery Fits Into This

Preparing for your CPCS telehandler renewal does not have to mean trawling through dense manuals. CPCS CPD Mastery gives you access to over 4,000 practice questions across 43 plant categories, including dedicated telehandler content covering controls, load charts, stability, and legislation.

The app features 5 plant calculators to help you work through real-world scenarios, 8 quick reference guides for on-site reminders, and full mock tests that mirror the format of the actual CPCS renewal assessment. Every question comes with a detailed explanation so you understand the reasoning behind each answer — not just the correct option.

Whether you are renewing your existing card or building confidence before your first practical assessment, CPCS CPD Mastery helps you revise on your own schedule, track your progress, and walk into the test centre knowing you are ready.